Demo #	Type of Item	Demo Name	Brief Description	Demo Notes	Suggested uses
2	demo	Limiting reactant concept (PbCrO4)	Potassium chromate and lead nitrate give a thick yellow precipitate.  One reactant is diluted  to show the ppt decreases.	Also illustrated by Dr. Laude using 6 bolts, 4 nuts, 12 washers on an overhead projector  (See demo #152)
3	demo	Neon lights experiment	Tesla coil and gas tubes - the gases are excited, then give off light characteristic of the gas
4	demo	Flame tests of metals	metal solutions, wire loop or soaked splints - the colors are characteristic of the metal salt
5	demo	Reaction of alkali metals with water	Na, K in water.  Reaction rate increases as you go down the period.	Also on video: Close up on Chemistry Ealy 2:40 (5:57 min),  Media Guild Periodic Table near beginning
8	demo	Explosive reaction of hydrogen and oxygen (balloons)	Hydrogen alone gives a swoosh and boom, hydrogen:oxygen 2:1 is very loud with percussion (you feel the explosion)	Also video on Shakashiri tape 2 #20 - #22
11	demo	Reaction of carbon/iron and oxygen	oxygen in a balloon is released into a beaker, a heated piece of iron wool or charcoal flames in it.	To be done in hood.
12	demo	Displacement of Tin by zinc (Spongy tin)	pieces of zinc dropped into acidic tin chloride cause tin to float to the top of the solution
13	demo	Disappearing aluminum rod	rolled up aluminum foil gets shorter and shorter in a beaker containing copper chloride CuCl2 solution
14	demo	Reaction of acids and carbonates (Elephant toothpaste, Old Foamy)	The solution changes color and foams out of the beaker.  (Elephant toothpaste= dry detergent, baking soda, HCl, methyl red; Old Foamy=liquid detergent, H2O2, sodium iodide)
16	demo	Combustion of magnesium in carbon dioxide (dry ice block)	The burning is bright enough to light up the entire lecture hall
17	demo	Methanol Cannon	Combustion of ethanol or methanol in large cooler bottle.  The methanol burns with a swooshing sound out the top of the bottle, and may show "Northern lights" at the end.	Also shown on Shakashiri tape 2 #22-24
21	demo	Dehydration of sucrose	Dehydration by sulfuric acid.  Powdered sugar and conc. sulfuric acid makes snakes.	Little noxious due to sulfuric acid fumes being spewed a little.  The black carbon snake can be very dramatic out the top of the beaker.  Also on Shakashiri tape 2 #27	Compare powdered sugar with regular sugar
22	demo	Reaction of sugar/potassium chlorate.	This is better done outside.  It can be used to spell out letters in fire on pavement at a school circus.	Sulfuric acid starts the reaction.  Also see gummy bears #24.  Also on Close up on Chemistry Ealy 22:10 (2:11 min)
24	demo	Torching gummy bears	The potassium chlorate is melted in a tube, and the gummy bear dances and growls as it is consumed by its combustion, sparks shoot inside the tube and it is bright in the room.  Do outside if the room is small.	A very popular demo for sacrificing for football or test success.
27	demo	Chemiluminescence	DMSO, KOH, luminol shaken for reaction, or longer lasting solution in COOL sign.  Chemicals are mixed and glow in the dark.	The potassium hydroxide version can be carefully passed around and shaken.  The cool version is good for chem circuses.  Also on Shakhashiri tape 1 #5 oxidation of luminol; Close up on Chemistry Ealy 26:36 (1:45 min)
28	demo	Self-lighting candle
29	demo	Nonburning money / hand on fire	50:50 EtOH:H2O  The ethanol solution is poured on the table and lighted, the hand is plunged down into it, displayed on fire, then waved to put out the flame.    The bill or towel can be soaked and "burned" but it isn't consumed.	Always practice first to be sure the solution is still good.
30	demo	Thermal expansion of gases	Dry ice is placed in balloon, plastic bag or rubber glove and sealed, then with time inflates the object.	It usually won't explode the balloon, but might break the seal on the bags to give a pop sound.  Also on Shakashiri tape 2 #29
31	demo	Charles's law (T, V)	Cooled, then warmed up flask causes syringe plunger to rise.	Not too interesting, but it works
32	demo	Collapsing can	Heated water in soda can, invert into water.  The heated can has a partial vacuum and when sealed by the water it implodes with noise.	Very popular.  Be sure to practice.  Also on Shakhashiri tape 2 #28
33	demo	Solubility of a gas: Ammonia fountain	dissolves in water, water fills up inverted flask	Tricky to set up, but it works--unknown if students liked it much.  Also on Shakhashiri tape 1 #3,4,6; Close up on Chemistry Ealy 16:04 (2 min)
34	demo	Endothermic reaction of barium hydroxide and ammonium chloride,	The two solids are mixed in a covered flask and produce a smelly liquid that is cool to the touch when passed around, and that can make the flask stick to a wet board.	also for speed of smell.  Also on Close up on Chemistry Ealy 19:54 (2:16 min)	Can use to introduce the concept of hydrates
35	demo	Double displacement reactions (metathesis)	Of two solids or  liquids.  Lead nitrate and K iodide crystals in tube or plate.  The white crystals produce yellow PbI2
36	demo	Explosion of lycopodium powder	Spraying powder into a flame causes sparks	Catches the students off guard to see the "flame thrower"
37	demo	Solid-vapor equilibrium with sealed iodine tubes, triple point = "wet" dry ice
38	demo	Formation of a colloid	Sterno-alcohol gel; thixotropy, dilatancy.  Liquids are mixed to give a gel which can be lighted
39	demo	Blue bottle experiment, traffic light experiment	dextrose experiments only	Also on Shakhashiri tape 2 #34; Close up on Chemistry Ealy 58:54 (3:28 min)
39	demo	Blue bottle experiment, traffic light experiment	dextrose experiments only	Also on Shakhashiri tape 2 #34; Close up on Chemistry Ealy 58:54 (3:28 min)
40	demo	Starch-iodine clock reaction	variations-temperature and concentration; variations of clocks containing starch only	Popular-can time or have a race, can explain the variations by reaction rate.  Also on Shakhashiri tape III #44 and #45
40	demo	Starch-iodine clock reaction	variations-temperature and concentration; variations of clocks containing starch only	Popular-can time or have a race, can explain the variations by reaction rate.  Also on Shakhashiri tape III #44 and #46
41	demo	Briggs Rauscher reaction: oscillating starch-iodine clock	A more complicated reaction than #40.  Clear, orange, blue; yellow-blue variations; other oscillations containing starch only.	High entertainment value, and surprising to see the reaction happen over and over.  Also on Shakhashiri tape III #46
42	demo	Autocatalysis	a blue-yellow interface moves down a graduated cylinder
43	demo	Formation of an activated complex	H2O2, sodium K tartrate, cobalt (II) chloride shows presence of activated complex, catalysis-also see #96	Also on Close up on Chemistry Ealy 28:21 (2:42 min)
44	demo	Traveling waves of color	has a catalyst and produces concentric rings of color
45	demo	Oxidation states of vanadium-yellow, blue, aqua, violet	A solution of vanadium is poured into a flask containing zinc amalgam.  Shaking various lengths of time causes the progressive color changes, which can be seen in a petri dish on an overhead projector	Popular.  Also on Close up on Chemistry Ealy 8:37 (4 min)  (Set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
46	demo	Oxidation of zinc	Not available - may be able to do in a hood, outside, or tape demo for use in class.	real hood only
47	demo	Precipitates and complexes of nickel	green, cloudy blue, aqua, royal blue, dark blue, purple, red	popular-it is neat to see so many colors of nickel complexes.  Also on Shakashiri tape 1 #20
48	demo	Equilibrium and LeChatelier's Principle	Fe(NO3)3 and KSCN or K2CrO4 with HCl and KOH.  The chemicals are added to a petri dish on an overhead projector to observe darkening or disappearing of the orange color--	Color change may not be too dramatic; also a copper one, but it is pesky.
49	demo	Effect of temperature change on equilibrium of cobalt complexes	By heating or cooling the solution, you can get either pink, blue or purple.	Also on Close up on Chemistry Ealy 49:12 (6:16 min)  (Set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
50	demo	Effect of concentration on equilibrium of cobalt complexes	adding neutral water to the solution causes a color change - pink, blue	See also #51.  Also on Close up on Chemistry Ealy 49:12 (6:16 min) (Set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
51	demo	Magic handkerchief-cobalt (II) chloride reaction with moist air	Use a soaked handkerchief heated by a hair dryer to illustrate effect of T change on equilibrium (blue, pink-white)	See also #49.
52	demo	Voice-activated reaction (carbon dioxide)	water, phenol red, NaOH; The flask containing the solution is passed around and talked to or blown into to get the color change.
53	demo	Disappearing ink, invisible writing, Goldenrod messages	EtOH, thymolphthalein, NaOH;  The wet ink looks dark blue but it quickly becomes colorless on paper.  Various invisible inks are made for signs, etc.  Some brands of Goldenrod colored copy paper turn red when sprayed with household ammonia (write first with white wax or invisible tape)
54	demo	Simple battery:  Gerber cell	Cu, Mg,CuSO4, Nasulfate.  This uses beakers and dialysis tubing to set up a working battery.	3 days preparation
55	demo	Electrochemical energy in a flash, fruit batteries	various fruits and metals produce a current	2 days preparation
56	demo	Electrical conductivity of liquids	Light bulb with H2O, acetic acid, K2CrO4.  A beaker is covered with a Petri plate lid containing the 2 copper electrodes.  The electrodes are immersed into assorted solutions to test whether they light a bulb, and how brightly.
57	demo	Synthesis of nylon-6-10 or 66	diaminohexane and sebacoyl or adipoyl chloride.  An organic solution is layered over an aqueous solution.  The nylon strand that is formed at the interface is twirled onto a glass rod.	Also on Shakhashiri tape 1 #15
58	demo	Gelation of polyvinyl alcohol "Slime"	polyvinyl alcohol, Naborate.  When two clear solutions are mixed a "snotty" polymer is made that can be worked to bounce like a ball.	standard and fancy version
59	demo	Copper into gold (alloys)	Cu, Zn, NaOH: Cu coated with Zinc to brass really.  Copper pennies are heated in base over a burner.  After rinsing, they look silver (which would fade with time), then when passed through the flame they look gold (which is permanent).	With advance warning, coins can be made to be given as "awards".  Also on Shakhashiri Tape 1 #11
60	demo	Natural acid base indicators	Cabbage is ground in deI water using a kitchen blender.  The juice is strained off and poured into clear glasses or beakers containing ordinary household cleaners or drinks.  The color changes depending on the pH of the item tested.  Other plant indicators	Popular.  Red pH1-purple, blue, blue-green, green pH 10.  The extract can also be made in advance by boiling.  Also on Shakhashiri Tape 1
61	demo	Bromine and tomato juice (lycopenes)
62	demo	Stable emulsions
63	demo	pH indicators	Litmus paper, kid pH.  Use different indicators that turn different colors in various acids and bases.
64	demo	Buffering capacity, antacids		Also on Close up on Chemistry Ealy 55:28 (3:26 min)
65	demo	Tyndal effect-chemical sunset on overhead projector	Na thiosulfate and HCl; disproportionation.  Can be tricky.  A cardboard sheet containing a small hole is placed on the overhead projector.  A solution is added to beaker containing a different solution which changes the color of the light projected to resemble a sun set.
66	demo	Superheated steam	Water is boiled in a paper cup or bag over a bunsen burner.  A copper coil containing steam is heated with burners causing the steam to char paper.
67	demo	Liquid nitrogen experiment (and Fun-frozen fruit, balloons) and thunderstorm	Frozen fruit, Thunderstorm	very popular.  For the frozen fruit: Various items are placed in a bucket containing liquid nitrogen.  Once frozen, the items are thrown against the floor or whacked on the table to shatter.  Audience volunteers makes this the most fun.  For the thunderstorm:  Heat a huge metal coffee pot of water (use 1/2 as much if too heavy).  Pour 5-10 L of liquid nitrogen into very large plastic tub.  Pour the hot water into the tub of liquid nitrogen all at once and step back.  There will be an immediate kaboom and a white cloud several feet up that rains down onto anybody close by.  The person pouring won't be able to see a thing because they will be surrounded by a cloud fog and rained onto.  When I did it, I ended up with ice drops on my pants.  Move or cover anything you don't want wet and be prepared to mop up at the end, especially if there will be another class in there.  Some have said that this is the highlight of any circus.
68	demo	Burning magnesium in air, pH effect	Mg in air: Hold a 6" strip of Mg ribbon with big metal tongs.  Turn off room lights and light Mg with the propane torch (and turn off torch).  The Mg burns so brightly that you shouldn't look directly at it, or you will have trouble seeing for a minute or so.  pH effect: burn it over a watch glass and dissolve the ashes in deionized water containing phenolphthalein to show it turn pink.	It pretty much lights the whole room (a shadowy light at the back of the room).  You can tell them about Mg in flash bulbs, the Mg + O2 equation yielding MgO; Mg + N2 yielding Mg3N2, then the Mg3N2 that is formed reacting with water to give Mg(OH)2 and NH3.  10% of the energy of combustion of Mg occurs as light, which is unique.
68	demo	Burning magnesium in air, pH effect	Mg in air: Hold a 6" strip of Mg ribbon with big metal tongs.  Turn off room lights and light Mg with the propane torch (and turn off torch).  The Mg burns so brightly that you shouldn't look directly at it, or you will have trouble seeing for a minute or so.  pH effect: burn it over a watch glass and dissolve the ashes in deionized water containing phenolphthalein to show it turn pink.
69	demo	Reaction between ammonia and hydrogen chloride, diffusion of gas	Open beakers or test tubes containing the 2 solutions are set apart on the stage.  A laser pointer is used to show the smoke forming between the beakers.	Can also be done in a long clear tube so you can see the white ring that forms closest to the HCl end--n laser in this method.
70	demo	Zn, Mg, or Fe in HCl or H2SO4 - evolves H2 gas.	Add Zn granuals to a large graduated cylinder of HCl or H2SO4 to see the formation of hydrogen gas bubbles.	Will cause balloon to stand up, but not expand much.  Can do in a small cylinder and see a lighted splint go out with a pop.
71	demo	Precipitation reactions	various 2 clear solutions are mixed to give different colored precipitates.  K2CrO4 + Pb(NO3)2 for yellow, (NH4)2CO3 + CaCl2 for white.  The barium hydroxide/sulfuric acid ppt can be used with phenolphthalene to show an acid/base ppt.	Very popular-The potassium chromate, lead nitrate reaction gives a thick yellow ppt.    (Also see #2 for limiting reactant using ppt)
72	demo	Activation series for some metals	Metals are placed in a Petri dish with acid on the overhead projector to observe the evolution of gas at different rates.
73	demo	Boyle's law	The volume of gas is decreased while the pressure increases-shown by adding water to a series of flasks so all the air is forced into fewer flasks.	Also, the cartesian diver, the mass of a textbook applications.
74	demo	Dalton's law of partial pressures	Three different gases of 3 different volumes give additive pressures.	Also on Shakashiri tape 2 #30
75	demo	Flow of gases through a porous cup	A porous cup is placed in a beaker of a light gas or a heavy gas to cause water in a connected flask to be ejected due to increased pressure, or to bubble due to air entry.  Low mw gases flow faster than high mw gases.  Diffusion.
76	demo	Osmotic pressure of a sugar solution	Regular:  put dark or colored corn syrup in thistle tube and put a soaked membrane over the end using twist ties.  Hook it onto a ring stand and into a beaker of water to observe the solution going up in the tube with time.  (See variations in details.)	Also on Shakhashiri tape III #42.  Small scale:  uses a copper sulfate solution where you add crystals of sodium hexacyanoferrate(II) and a brown semipermeable membrane is formed, water enters the membrane, it swells, bursts, throws out the concentrated sodium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution, which reacts with copper in solution to make more copper hexacyanoferrate(II), making solid brown streamers and membranes.  It is done on the overhead and looks like growing sea grass.  I tried it out and it grew 1/2 inch in 5 minutes.  I couldn't really see the membranes bursting and they are small balls, but it looked kind of neat anyway.
77	demo	boiling at reduced pressure	A hot flask of water boils again after cooling with crushed ice.
78	demo	Dehydration of p-nitroaniline:  Snake and puff	do outside. For inside, do #21 sugar and sulfuric acid snake
79	demo	Green and blue copper complexes		Also on Shakhashiri tape I #13  CuSO4, KOH, HCl, AmOH:blue, green, deep blue layer; Ammonia complex ions, copper, cobalt; other complexes-silver.  Acid, then base are layered over a solution of copper, yielding the color layers; Copper or cobalt are reacted with ammonia to give colored complexes, copper, cobalt complexes (with acetone, acid, silver nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonia
82	demo	Red, white and blue solutions	Other color reactions dependent on chemicals only (no dextrose or starch),	Also see 124 for chem clocks and oscillations and 39,40,41 for colors; water, wine, milk, beer included here..  Also on Shakhashiri Tape 2 #31; Close up on Chemistry Ealy 37:31 (5:21 min); Close up on Chemistry Ealy 1:04:28 (3:28 min) (For Ealy Set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
84	demo	Metal trees	Cu wire, 2% AgNO3 on overhead, silver needles form on a copper wire.  Also a fast reaction with battery-silver plating onto copper	This is fragile and takes some time.  See # 163 for other crystals.  Also on Shakhashiri Tape 1 #10
85	demo	Liver and hydrogen peroxide -foam	Pour hydrogen peroxide over liver and you get a lot of foam up and out of the beaker.
86	demo	Vinegar and baking soda - foam	Put the baking soda in a beaker, then pour on colored vinegar to watch it foam over
87	demo	Water balloon volume -	How much water does a balloon hold?
88	demo	Guncotton vs. cotton, and light sticks -flash of light, glowing light	Take a shred of the guncotton and put it on a watch glass.  Use a long matchstick to light it, and it produces a bright flash of yellow light.	The light sticks can be at different temperatures before reaction.  Also on Close up on Chemistry Ealy 18:04 (1:50 min)  (Set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)	Weigh guncotton if you want to use it to illustrate conservation of mass (balance put on document camera with high brightness will show up).  You can reweigh the watch glass to show that most of the products were given off as a gas, and there is very little residue left.  You can contrast this to light sticks (glow in the dark chemical tubes) because before and after activation their weight stays the same since it is a closed system, no gases were given off and lost, etc.
89	demo	Sublimation and gas expansion	Dry ice, warm water in Sunny delight bottles-shoots lid; dry ice fog.  Put a few chunks of dry ice and a little water into the bottle and snap on the lid.  Be sure it is standing upright and not pointed at anyone.	Also on Shakhashiri tape III #40.  Try to keep track of where the lid goes so it can be reused.
90	demo	soap bubbles and super soaker - films	Have fun blowing bubbles
91	demo	zinc in copper sulfate-copper precipitates out	A zinc strip turns black (the black will slack off in enough accumulates) and the solution goes from blue to clear-this takes some time.
92	demo	Equilibrium by competing colored water volume of 2 beakers	Use a beaker to bail water from one big beaker to the other, then a smaller beaker to put the water back until the volumes in the 2 beakers are equal, plotting the volumes with each bail of water.
93	demo	Equilibrium by diffusion of coloring in water	add drops of coloring to a big beaker of water, let it sit and become uniform, notice the mixing of the color throughout class
94	demo	Equilibrium by the loss of power to battery powered flashlights-when light is out, at equilibrium	Hand out flashlights at the beginning of class and notice they go dead.
95	demo	Dispersion of visible light by prism on overhead projector	Can use a flashlight to project the rainbow on the wall or ceiling, too.  Takes some practice to get a good spectrum.	301, 304K
96	demo	Catalysis of H2O2	Sprinkle manganese dioxide into a beaker containing hydrogen peroxide on the overhead projector.  By using a small amount of catalyst you can see bubbles slowly evolve, or by adding a lot, the reaction is more violent and spews steam and H2O2 onto the head of the projector.  Exothermic reaction	For other catalysts see #43.  Can do this one as "genie in bottle" - do reaction in 2L Coke bottle, see bottle shrink.  Also on Shakhashiri tape III #48; Close up on Chemistry Ealy 31:03 (3:28 min)  (For Ealy set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
97	demo	Mercury beating heart	Hg, K2CrO4, H2SO4, iron wire on overhead projector.  A little tricky, but you can get a drop of mercury to pulsate by adding the other solutions.	Also, gallium beating heart.
98	demo	Polymers-polyurethane foam, polystyrene and acetone, starch peanuts/H2O	Formation of polyurethane foam from two liquids, solubility of polystyrene and starch packing peanuts in water and acetone.	Also on Shakhashiri tape 1 #16.  Pour a small amount of acetone to cover the bottom of a large beaker about 2cm deep.  Have someone keep adding styrofoam peanuts letting them "dissolve" (disappear) in the liquid at the bottom.  Really they are softened by the acetone and the gas bubbles collapse, and you can wear gloves or use tongs to pull up the gunk (polystyrene) that sits in the acetone.  You can also do it in a trash can for effect.  There are "ecofoam" peanuts made from corn starch that don't dissolve in acetone, but do in water, so you can compare the two foams in a demo, solvents, etc.  Some profs also show polyurethane foam being made-2 liquids are combined and stirred for a minute, then a gas that is produced causes the solution to foam up above the beaker.  It hardens so that you can thump it.  It is used for insulating boats for floatation.  Often paired with #99.
98	demo	Polymers-polyurethane foam, polystyrene and acetone, starch peanuts/H2O	Formation of polyurethane foam from two liquids, solubility of polystyrene and starch packing peanuts in water and acetone.	Also on Shakhashiri tape 1 #16.  Pour a small amount of acetone to cover the bottom of a large beaker about 2cm deep.  Have someone keep adding styrofoam peanuts letting them "dissolve" (disappear) in the liquid at the bottom.  Really they are softened by the acetone and the gas bubbles collapse, and you can wear gloves or use tongs to pull up the gunk (polystyrene) that sits in the acetone.  You can also do it in a trash can for effect.  There are "ecofoam" peanuts made from corn starch that don't dissolve in acetone, but do in water, so you can compare the two foams in a demo, solvents, etc.  Some profs also show polyurethane foam being made-2 liquids are combined and stirred for a minute, then a gas that is produced causes the solution to foam up above the beaker.  It hardens so that you can thump it.  It is used for insulating boats for floatation.  Often paired with #99.
99	demo	Superabsorbent polymer-from diapers	The beads from the diaper are put in a big beaker, deI water is added, then it is poured back and forth into another beaker.  It gets thicker and thicker, until it can't be poured.	The water is released when salt is sprinkled on the surface and stirred in.  Also on Shakhashiri tape 1 #18
100	demo	Colligative Properties - melting points	watch glasses on an overhead or beakers contain ice or ice that had salt poured on it to show the different melting rates
101	demo	Evaporation rates of liquids	H2O, EtOH, acetone, ether.  Students hold watch glasses containing the liquids to show which evaporate fastest.
102	demo	Viscosity	glue on Styrofoam balls vs. plain balls.  styrofoam balls pour easily from a cup unless they have been previously coated with white glue
103	demo	Water vs. acetone on glass	spray water or acetone on plate glass to see how they wet the glass
104	demo	Freezing and thawing of 4 liquids (acetone, water, ethanol, ether)	open vials of the liquids are frozen in liquid nitrogen, then the rates of thawing are compared.  The order is similar to the evaporation rates in #101
106	demo	Supersaturation-sodium acetate crystallization	A supersaturated solution of sodium acetate is in a long glass tube.  A single solid crystal causes the solution to solidify.  OR pour the solution onto a surface containing a crystal and the solution forms a stalagmite.	Also see 163 for other crystals, and 146 for other exothermic reactions.  Also on Shakhashiri tape III #41; Close up on Chemistry Ealy 1:19 (1:21 min)
107	demo	Plastic Easter eggs as models for dissociation
108	demo	Polarizers	Plastic between polarizers, sugar rotates light, kaleidoscoptical sugar rotation.  One sheet is taped to a flashlight.  The other sheet is rotated until light from the flashlight is obstructed.	Also on Shakashiri tape 1 # 19; tape III #43
109	demo	Solubility, polar and nonpolar solvents	water, toluene, NaCl, naphthalene; Solubility of solids in liquids, temperature.  Add the two solids to 4 beakers of the solvents to see what dissolves in what.  Do not add too much solid or all won't dissolve.  Solubility of a limestone rock in 1M HCl, salt in water.
110	demo	Rod climbing polymer		Also on Shakashiri tape 1 #17
111	demo	Oxidation States of Manganese	KMnO4; spontaneous redox with KI and KMnO4.  Big beakers of potassium permanganate are provided.  When you add the additional reagents, you get various colors in the beakers.	popular
112	demo	Hydrogen bonding in liquids	Swirl the solutions and observe the behavior - time for the vortex to disappear.  glycerin, conc acid, glycol, water, ethanol, ether, benzene swirling, polar forces
113	demo	Fluorescence due to chlorophyll from leaves	Boil the leaves and observe the extract in a test tube.  Shine a flashlight on it to observe a reddish fluorescent tinge.  thionin 2 faced reaction.	Best in a small room.
114	demo	Tricks with Acids: Hollow penny, Copper dime, Copper quarter	cut coins are soaked in acids.  The penny loses its zinc core, the dime loses the outer silvery coating as does the quarter.	cleaning copper, electroplating
115	demo	Calories, bomb and regular calorimeter	Show and tell about calories in foods, and burn the marshmallow and peanut on skewers	burning marshmallow, nut, assorted food packages
116	demo	Liquid oxygen (Liquid Nitrogen in a can), singlet oxygen, paramagnetism, paramagnetic oxygen bubbles	use Shakhashiri demo tape, or do with strong magnet and soap bubbles floating	Also on Shakhashiri tape 2 #33; tape III #38
117	demo	Chemical pop gun, rocket -vinegar and baking soda	Mix in a sunny delight bottle to shoot off the lid.  This spews solution in the room, so best to do outside
118	demo	Cuprammonium rayon
122	demo	liquid carbon dioxide		Also on Shakhashiri tape III #37
123	demo	Egg experiments besides CaO	baking soda, egg in a bottle, osmosis
124	demo	clock and oscillating reactions that rely on chemicals only (no dextrose or starch), orange tornado.		Also see # 39,40,41,82 for color experiments.  Also on Shakhashiri tape I #14; Close up on Chemistry Ealy 34:31 (3 min); Close up on Chemistry Ealy 42:52 (3:24 min)  (Ealy set timer to zero when first line of text scrolls onto screen)
125	demo	Changing flower color with ammonia vapor	Best in a hood if students are sensitive to the vapor.  Drape the flowers into a beaker containing ammonia and cover with a watch glass to see red blacken, yellow turn to green, etc.
126	demo	Burning Sulfur in Oxygen	Hood.  Beaker with spout, O2 from balloon, molten S in deflagration spoon
127	demo	Titrations	Burets are set up with acids and bases.  Some solutions in flasks are titrated to neutrality.
128	demo	Density of liquids and solids-	Coke sinks in water while diet Coke floats.  A large graduated cylinder can be filled with various solvents and objects dropped in float according to their densities.	The water tub we use for the Na/K in water is filled with water.  Dr. Pepper cans that are wrapped in foil are set into the water to see which one will float or sink.  Unwrapped cans are shown to illustrate that diet soft drinks float and regular sink because of the added weight of the sugar.  Water, hexane, oak, cork, Hg, brass; Coke vs. diet Coke; various "cocktails" and 3 layered liquids; An empty 2L bottle is the approximate volume of the lung?  Also on Shakhashiri tape III #65
129	demo	Chalk in HCl	whole or ground chalk is put in various concentrations of acid in graduated cylinders to compare the amount of foaming
130	demo	Acids and bases (show and tell)	Stock bottles of liquid and dry bases are provided on a cart for discussion
131	demo	pH yellow to blue t-shirts	T-shirts are dyed with bromothymol blue (yellow since slightly acidified by vinegar), then dried.  Volunteers put them over their "crummy" clothes, then shoot each other with slightly basic (ammonia) water to cause the shirts to streak blue.	A variation for April Fool's Day is to dye one of the shirts with yellow food coloring so it won't change colors.  Note-regular water guns may be better that unpredictable super soakers!
132	demo	Electrolysis of water; KI electrolysis	Drop a battery in salt water to see bubbles (assault and battery), or sodium sulfate Na2SO4 in a U-tube with 10 drops bromothymol blue 6.0-7.6 yellow to blue, wire and batteries to show one arm of tube is blue, one yellow
133	demo	pH meter, paper	Can be used to show pH's of solutions.
134	demo	breathalizer	chromium oxide
135	demo	glowing electric pickle-UT, the eyes of Texas are upon you	UT is spelled out on a plastic grid using specially wired pickles.  The wires are plugged in causing the pickles to glow yellow orange.  A smaller version uses a single pickle stuck on nails of a board.	The small version can be available routinely, but the larger version takes a longer prep time-at least 1 hour.  Can have class sing the eyes of Texas while UT pickle glowing.
137	demo	ice cream with liquid nitrogen	Ice cream mix is stirred into whole milk and liquid nitrogen is poured in to freeze it into a tasty treat.  Bowls are passed around and the students serve themselves.	Advance notice must be given in order to purchase adequate materials.
137.5	demo	Thanksgiving pie and balloon turkeys	Hydrogen balloons have added turkey parts.  Pie must be purchased by professor.
138	demo	silly putty	Elmer's Glue and Naborate (borax) solution are mixed with food coloring and worked to give a shapeable polymer.  Other variations are possible.	also see slime #58 as a demo
139	demo	Dry ice air hockey	Sublimation so puck "floats".	Best done in a class with tables so students can shoot the dry ice to each other.
140	demo	Elements Laude campfires	make a campfire of candles and have students sit around it with marshmallows, peanuts, chips on sticks or in clips
141	demo	methane bubbles, snake charming	bubble methane gas through a funnel of soapy water to make bubble snake to light
142	demo	Carbon dioxide, universal indic	water + base + indicator becomes more acidic as carbon dioxide (dry ice) is dissolved, and a rainbow of colors is seen.	Also on Shakhashiri tape I #2
143	demo	aluminum amphoteric behavior	alum in water - add acid and it is clear, base it gets milky then clear.  Universal indicator changes a rainbow of colors if added at the beginning
144	demo	Florescence	White florescence, fluorescence of tonic water, fluorescent dyes.  Paper and soaps are looked at with UV light, tonic water (even flat) looks blue due to quinine, flourescent dyes change colors with UV light vs visible
145	demo	cleaning silver
146	demo	Calcium oxide with water, other exothermic reactions	Behind a shield add water to fresh calcium oxide, stir quickly, put on the egg in a watch glass, stand asside while it erupts, possibly breaking the beaker because of the heat produced.	A messy demo that can get out of hand.  Also see #167 for exo self heating meal, and #106 for sodium acetate
147	demo	borate and alcohol flame; sparklers
148	demo	ester perfume
149	demo	Tours	With much advance notice, some labs in the building are willing to talk about their work to 10 students at a time.  Possibilities include the glass shop, metal shop, NMR, mass spec, library, assorted research labs, chem demos, Uteach
150	demo	sugar, diet coke	A coke can is opened and heated to evaporate the water leaving the sugary residue.
151	demo	salt solutions to taste	salt is added to bottles of water, and student volunteers taste small samples to decide which is saltier
152	demo	limiting reaction hardware	With uneven numbers of nuts and bolts-which is limiting?
153	Resources	video player, tapes	Contact Debra Smith if you plan to use tapes of demos.	I can borrow a video player to use in some classrooms.  A variety of tapes on chemistry are kept in my office to show to your class.  Some tapes contain the dangerous demos that we can't do live.
154	demo	DNA gel electrophoresis	Borrowed gel aparatus to show how DNA can be separated.	This is best for a small class
155	demo	Chemicals for show and tell	Assorted stock bottles of chemicals are brought on a cart.	You can discuss which are salts, etc.  For acids and bases see #130
156	demo	helium balloons	Helium balloons can be made for special occasions You can also slip in helium balloons in the hydrogen balloon demo.	Please buy the balloons if you have particular colors in mind, or let me know in advance.
157	demo	Diffraction by slides (x-ray crystallography); Optical transform, Unit crystals	A laser pointer is directed at a slide, and the pattern that results looks like a crystallography array.
158	demo	Dilution of NaOH for AIDS demo	A weak solution of NaOH in cups is given to some participants while others get water.  Each person pours some of their solution into other's cups, then at the end, all cups are tested with pH paper or phenolphthalein to see if the NaOH-Aids was transmitted.
159	demo	Ethanol ice cubes won't burn
160	demo	Fash bulbs and Tesla coil	A tesla coil is used to burn flash cubes.	They can be weighed before and after to show that it was a closed system and the weight didn't change.
161	demo	Effusion and diffusion		See also Shakhashiri tape#II #32.  Large plastic tray with a nose drawn on the bottom inside, and large yellow, orange, red, pink jellybeans, ~5 purple jelly beans, Shake the tray to show jelly beans going toward the nose, and some get into it.  Also, pour about 10ml AmOH into a 100ml beaker and let it diffuse for students to smell the ammonia smell.
162	demo	Artificial fog	Use KOH and hydroxylammonium chloride to create.  Real hood or outside
163	demo	Crystal formations	Saturated solutions form crystals, several variations including waterglass.	Chemical garden, microcrystals, sugar and salt, other crystal formations
165	demo	Temperature and reaction rate of effervescent tablets
166	demo	chemical vs enzyme catalysis	H2O2, 1M KI, turnip juice (catalase)
167	demo	Self-heating meals	edible demo, shows the exothermic iron rxn
168	demo	Mass relationships	reaction of Na2CO3 and HCl
169	demo	Volumes of solutions	EtOH/water, sugar/water	Also on Shakhashiri tape III #63
170	demo	Testing water, ion tests; water purity	Use charcoal to decolorize, deodorize; lime and alum to purify
171	demo	blueprints, photographs
172	demo	casein glue (milk)
173	demo	latex and water glass polymers
174	demo	ice bomb		Also on Shakhashiri tape III #39
175	demo	Nitrogen gas oscillator		Also on Shakhashiri tape III #47; Close up on Chemistry Ealy 12:37 (3:27 min)  (Ealy set timer to zero when first line of text scrolls onto screen)
176	demo	Nuclear chain reaction simulation		Also Shakhashiri tape III #49
177	demo	iron in cereal and dollar bill	Use a strong magnet to show that iron is in a whole dollar bill or a cereal flake floating on water, or put either in a blender to show the iron
01.x	demo	Three states of matter (NO2)	Not available - may be able to do in a hood, outside, or tape demo for use in class.	Risk of NO2 container breaking--need Sargent-Welch #4426.  On Shakhashiri Tape 2 #29; Close up on Chemistry Ealy 46:16 (2:56 min)  (Ealy set timer to zero when first line of text scrolls onto screen.)  See also demo #37.
06. X	demo	Reaction of aluminum and bromine	Not available - may be able to do in a hood, outside, or tape demo for use in class.	risk of bromine gas release
07.x	demo	Reaction of sodium and chlorine	Not available - may be able to do in a hood, outside, or tape demo for use in class.	risk of chlorine gas release
09.x	demo	Explosive reaction of red or white phosphorus and potassium chlorate	Not available - may be able to do in a hood, outside, or tape demo for use in class.	white phosphorous explodes in air, it and the products are poisonous
10.x	demo	Displacement of iodide by bromide ions	Not available - may be able to do in a hood, outside, or tape demo for use in class.	risk of bromine release
105.x	demo	Combustion of a cigarette	Dr. Jones only.  He holds oxygen hose pinched closed and away after taking in some to his lungs.  He breathes out to a lighted cigarette, which flares instead of slow burning.
121.x	demo	Reaction of sodium peroxide and aluminum	Not available - may be able to do in a hood, outside, or tape demo for use in class.
136.x	demo	water starts a fire - aluminum and iodine	Not available - may be able to do in a hood, outside, or tape demo for use in class.
15.x	demo	Spontaneous combustion of white phosphorus, barking dog	Not available - may be able to do in a hood, outside, or tape demo for use in class.	white phosphorous explodes in air, it and the products are poisonous.  On Close up on Chemistry Ealy 1:02:22 (2:06 min)  (Ealy set timer to zero when first line of text scrolls onto screen)
164.x	demo	zinc and sulfur eruption	Not available - may be able to do in a hood, outside, or tape demo for use in class.	Also on Shakashiri tape 2 #23
18.x	demo	Combustion of trinitrocellulose	Gun cotton - 4 days preparation.  Not available - may be able to do in a hood, outside, or tape demo for use in class.	don't make, but buy instead-see demo #88
19.x	demo	Combustion under water	Not available - may be able to do in a hood, outside, or tape demo for use in class.	white phosphorous explodes in air, it and the products are poisonous
20.x	demo	Zwoop tube	Nitrous oxide and hydrogen sulfide.  Not available - may be able to do in a hood, outside, or tape demo for use in class.	Got rid of tank for security reasons.  On Shakhashiri Tape 1 #7
23.x	demo	Oxidation of glycerin by permanganate (Instant fire/delayed fire)	Not available - may be able to do in a hood, outside, or tape demo for use in class.	Outside.  Shakhashiri Tape 2 #24; Close up on Chemistry Ealy 24:21 (2:15)   (Ealy set timer to zero when first line of text scrolls onto screen)
25.x	demo	Thermite reaction	Not available - may be able to do in a hood, outside, or tape demo for use in class.	Outside.  On Shakhashiri Tape 2 #25
26.x	demo	Fountain effect with nitric acid and copper	Not available - may be able to do in a hood, outside, or tape demo for use in class.	product nitrogen dioxide dangerous gas.  On Shakhashiri tape 2 #31
80.x	demo	Photochemical reaction of hydrogen and chlorine	Not available - may be able to do in a hood, outside, or tape demo for use in class.	risk of chlorine gas release
81.x	demo	Explosive reaction of nitrogen triiodide	Not available - may be able to do in a hood, outside, or tape demo for use in class.	Very unstable!  On Shakhashiri Tape 2 #26
83.x	demo	Decomposition of Ammonium dichromate	Not available - may be able to do in a hood, outside, or tape demo for use in class.	outside or real hood since carcinogenic
M1	Movie	Reaction of alkali metals with water	Reaction rate increases as you go down the period.	Close up on Chemistry Ealy 2:40 (5:57 min.  Set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
M10	Movie	Solubility of a gas: Ammonia fountain	dissolves in water, water fills up inverted flask	Shakhashiri tape 1 #3,4,6
M11	Movie	Solubility of a gas: Ammonia fountain	dissolves in water, water fills up inverted flask	Close up on Chemistry Ealy 16:04 (2 min)  (Set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
M12	Movie	Endothermic reaction of barium hydroxide and ammonium chloride,	The two solids are mixed in a covered flask and produce a smelly liquid that is cool to the touch when passed around, and that can make the flask stick to a wet board.	Close up on Chemistry Ealy 19:54 (2:16 min)  (Set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
M13	Movie	Blue bottle experiment, traffic light experiment	dextrose experiments only	Shakhashiri tape 2 #34
M14	Movie	Blue bottle experiment, traffic light experiment	dextrose experiments only	Close up on Chemistry Ealy 58:54 (3:28 min)  (Set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
M15	Movie	Starch-iodine clock reaction	variations-temperature and concentration; variations of clocks containing starch only	Shakhashiri tape III #44 and #45
M16	Movie	Briggs Rauscher reaction: oscillating starch-iodine clock	A more complicated reaction than regular iodine-clock.  Clear, orange, blue; yellow-blue variations; other oscillations containing starch only.	Shakhashiri tape III #46
M17	Movie	Formation of an activated complex	H2O2, sodium K tartrate, cobalt (II) chloride shows presence of activated complex, catalysis-also see #96	Close up on Chemistry Ealy 28:21 (2:42 min)  (Set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
M18	Movie	Oxidation states of vanadium-yellow, blue, aqua, violet	A solution of vanadium is poured into a flask containing zinc amalgam.  Shaking various lengths of time causes the progressive color changes, which can be seen in a petri dish on an overhead projector	Close up on Chemistry Ealy 8:37 (4 min)  (Set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
M19	Movie	Precipitates and complexes of nickel	green, cloudy blue, aqua, royal blue, dark blue, purple, red	Shakashiri tape 1 #20
M2	Movie	Explosive reaction of hydrogen and oxygen	Hydrogen alone gives a swoosh and boom, hydrogen:oxygen 2:1 is very loud with percussion (you feel the explosion)	Shakashiri tape 2 #20 and #21
M20	Movie	Effect of temperature change on equilibrium of cobalt complexes	By heating or cooling the solution, you can get either pink, blue or purple.	Close up on Chemistry Ealy 49:12 (6:16 min)  (Set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
M21	Movie	Effect of temperature change on equilibrium of cobalt complexes	By heating or cooling the solution, you can get either pink, blue or purple.	Close up on Chemistry Ealy 49:12 (6:16 min)  (Set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
M22	Movie	Effect of concentration on equilibrium of cobalt complexes	adding neutral water to the solution causes a color change - pink, blue	Close up on Chemistry Ealy 49:12 (6:16 min)  (Set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
M23	Movie	Synthesis of nylon-6-10 or 66	diaminohexane and sebacoyl or adipoyl chloride.  An organic solution is layered over an aqueous solution.  The nylon strand that is formed at the interface is twirled onto a glass rod.	Shakhashiri tape 1 #15
M24	Movie	Copper into gold (alloys)	Cu, Zn, NaOH: Cu coated with Zinc to brass really.  Copper pennies are heated in base over a burner.  After rinsing, they look silver (which would fade with time), then when passed through the flame they look gold (which is permanent).	Shakhashiri Tape 1 #11
M25	Movie	Natural acid base indicators	Cabbage is ground in deI water using a kitchen blender.  The juice is strained off and poured into clear glasses or beakers containing ordinary household cleaners or drinks.  The color changes depending on the pH of the item tested.	Shakhashiri Tape 1.  Red pH1-purple, blue, blue-green, green pH 10.
M26	Movie	Buffering capacity, antacids		Close up on Chemistry Ealy 55:28 (3:26 min)  (Set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
M27	Movie	Dalton's law of partial pressures	Three different gases of 3 different volumes give additive pressures.	Shakashiri tape 2 #30
M28	Movie	Green and blue copper complexes		Shakhashiri tape I #13  CuSO4, KOH, HCl, AmOH:blue, green, deep blue layer; Ammonia complex ions, copper, cobalt; other complexes-silver.  Acid, then base are layered over a solution of copper, yielding the color layers; Copper or cobalt are reacted with ammonia to give colored complexes, copper, cobalt complexes (with acetone, acid, silver nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonia
M29	Movie	Red, white and blue solutions		Shakhashiri Tape 2 #31; Close up on Chemistry Ealy 37:31 (5:21 min); Close up on Chemistry Ealy 1:04:28 (3:28 min) (For Ealy set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
M3	Movie	Methanol Cannon	Combustion of ethanol or methanol in large cooler bottle.  The methanol burns with a swooshing sound out the top of the bottle, and may show "Northern lights" at the end.
M3	Movie	Methanol Cannon	Combustion of ethanol or methanol in large cooler bottle.  The methanol burns with a swooshing sound out the top of the bottle, and may show "Northern lights" at the end.
M30	Movie	Metal trees	Cu wire, 2% AgNO3 on overhead, silver needles form on a copper wire.  Also a fast reaction with battery-silver plating onto copper	Shakhashiri Tape 1 #10
M31	Movie	Guncotton vs. cotton, and light sticks -flash of light, glowing light	Take a shred of the guncotton and put it on a watch glass.  Use a long matchstick to light it, and it produces a bright flash of yellow light.	Close up on Chemistry Ealy 18:04 (1:50 min)  (Set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)	Weigh guncotton if you want to use it to illustrate conservation of mass (balance put on document camera with high brightness will show up).  You can reweigh the watch glass to show that most of the products were given off as a gas, and there is very little residue left.  You can contrast this to light sticks (glow in the dark chemical tubes) because before and after activation their weight stays the same since it is a closed system, no gases were given off and lost, etc.
M32	Movie	Sublimation and gas expansion		Shakhashiri tape III #40.
M33	Movie	Catalysis of H2O2	Manganese dioxide catalyzes the decomposition of H2O2 to H2O.  Exothermic reaction.	Shakhashiri tape III #48; Close up on Chemistry Ealy 31:03 (3:28 min)  (For Ealy set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
M34	Movie	Polymers-polyurethane foam, polystyrene and acetone, starch peanuts/H2O	Formation of polyurethane foam from two liquids, solubility of polystyrene and starch packing peanuts in water and acetone.	Shakhashiri tape 1 #16
M35	Movie	Superabsorbent polymer-from diapers		Shakhashiri tape 1 #18
M36	Movie	Supersaturation-sodium acetate crystallization	A supersaturated solution of sodium acetate is in a long glass tube.  A single solid crystal causes the solution to solidify.  OR pour the solution onto a surface containing a crystal and the solution forms a stalagmite.	Shakhashiri tape III #41; Close up on Chemistry Ealy 1:19 (1:21 min)  (For Ealy set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
M37	Movie	Polarizers	One sheet is taped to a flashlight.  The other sheet is rotated until light from the flashlight is obstructed.	Shakashiri tape 1 # 19; tape III #43
M38	Movie	Rod climbing polymer		Shakashiri tape 1 #17
M39	Movie	Liquid oxygen (Liquid Nitrogen in a can), singlet oxygen, paramagnetism, paramagnetic oxygen bubbles		Shakhashiri tape 2 #33; tape III #38
M4	Movie	Dehydration of sucrose	Dehydration by sulfuric acid.  Powdered sugar and conc. sulfuric acid makes snakes.	Shakashiri tape 2 #27
M40	Movie	liquid carbon dioxide		Shakhashiri tape III #37
M41	Movie	clock and oscillating reactions that rely on chemicals only (no dextrose or starch), orange tornado.		Shakhashiri tape I #14; Close up on Chemistry Ealy 34:31 (3 min); Close up on Chemistry Ealy 42:52 (3:24 min)  (Ealy set timer to zero when first line of text scrolls onto screen)
M42	Movie	Density of liquids and solids		Shakhashiri tape III #65
M43	Movie	Carbon dioxide, universal indic	water + base + indicator becomes more acidic as carbon dioxide (dry ice) is dissolved, and a rainbow of colors is seen.	Also on Shakhashiri tape I #2
M44	Movie	Diffusion	Tape shows diffusion of bromine vapor in air and in a vacuum.	Shakhashiri tape#II #32
M45	Movie	Volumes of solutions		Shakhashiri tape III #63
M46	Movie	ice bomb		Shakhashiri tape III #39
M47	Movie	Nitrogen gas oscillator		Shakhashiri tape III #47; Close up on Chemistry Ealy 12:37 (3:27 min)  (Ealy set timer to zero when first line of text scrolls onto screen)
M48	Movie	Nuclear chain reaction simulation		Shakhashiri tape III #49
M49	Movie	Three states of matter (NO2)		Shakhashiri Tape 2 #29; Close up on Chemistry Ealy 46:16 (2:56 min)  (Ealy set timer to zero when first line of text scrolls onto screen)
M5	Movie	Reaction of sugar/potassium chlorate.	Sulfuric acid starts the reaction.	Close up on Chemistry Ealy 22:10 (2:11 min) (Set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
M50	Movie	Spontaneous combustion of white phosphorus, barking dog		Close up on Chemistry Ealy 1:02:22 (2:06 min)  (Ealy set timer to zero when first line of text scrolls onto screen)
M51	Movie	Zwoop tube	Nitrous oxide and hydrogen sulfide.	Shakhashiri Tape 1 #7
M52	Movie	Oxidation of glycerin by permanganate (Instant fire/delayed fire)		Shakhashiri Tape 2 #24; Close up on Chemistry Ealy 24:21 (2:15)   (Ealy set timer to zero when first line of text scrolls onto screen)
M53	Movies	Thermite reaction		Shakhashiri Tape 2 #25
M54	Movie	Fountain effect with nitric acid and copper		Shakhashiri tape 2 #31
M55	Movie	Explosive reaction of nitrogen triiodide		Shakhashiri Tape 2 #26
M57	Movie	zinc and sulfur eruption		Shakashiri tape 2 #23
M6	Movie	Chemiluminescence	Chemicals are mixed and glow in the dark.	Shakhashiri tape 1 #5 oxidation of luminol
M7	Movie	Chemiluminescence	Chemicals are mixed and glow in the dark.	Close up on Chemistry Ealy 26:36 (1:45 min) (Set timer to zero when first text rolls on screen.)
M8	Movie	Thermal expansion of gases	Dry ice sublimes and inflates the container.	Shakashiri tape 2 #29
M9	Movie	Collapsing can	Heated water in soda can, invert into water.  The heated can has a partial vacuum and when sealed by the water it implodes with noise.	Shakhashiri tape 2 #28
M58	Movie	Osmotic pressure of a sugar solution		Shakhashiri tape III #42.